MCP respondiendo a la disminucion de la oferta global reabrira la mina que produce los "metales raros" que son criticos para la fabricacion de los high-tech productos desde iPhones hasta carros electricos.
Rare-Earth Miner in U.S. Tackles China, Its Own Past
By JAMES T. AREDDY
MOUNTAIN PASS, Calif.—Responding to China's recent squeeze on the global supply of rare earths, a U.S. company plans to reopen its mine that produces the unusual metals, which are critical to making high-tech products ranging from iPhones to electric cars.
And this time, it said, it will observe stringent environmental-safety measures.
The Mountain Pass mine was at one time the world's dominant rare-earth supplier. But mining was suspended in 2002 amid environmental complaints, including that its wastewater had damaged the desert's delicate ecosystem. In the years that followed, China achieved world dominance in the production of rare-earth metals, in part by shunning costly environmental controls.
Molycorp's mine in Mountain Pass, Calif., which will reopen in 2011.
Now, the new investors that own Molycorp Inc. are eager to prove that producing rare earths can be both clean and economical. They say they will invest $531 million to modernize the mine's facilities, spending about a third of the total on a system designed to recycle nearly all wastewater.
On Monday, Molycorp announced it has begun mine-preparation work called prestripping ahead of restarting active mining in 2011. It also said it has secured final permits to begin construction of plants that will process the mined rare-earth oxides. And earlier this month, Molycorp said Japan's Sumitomo Corp. agreed to buy $100 million, or more than 3%, of its shares and provide $30 million in financing as part of a seven-year rare-earth supply agreement.
The U.S.'s ability to relaunch a domestic rare-earths industry depends on ramping up production at this mine, which is perched 5,000 feet above the Mojave Desert some 50 miles southwest of Las Vegas.
Rare-earth metals are found in many places around the world, including several other sites in the U.S. But rare-earth mines can take a decade to develop, and only Mountain Pass and Lynas Corp.'s Mount Weld in Australia provide high-grade rare earths in sufficient concentrations to offer much promise of rebalancing the world supply away from China any time soon.
Recently, Scott Honan, the site's environmental manager, wheeled a Ford pickup truck around a funnel-shaped pit filled with tropical-green water as he explained Molycorp's plans to modernize the facility. "It's really going to be a world of difference if you look at how this current plant is designed and where we're going," Mr. Honan said.
Rare earths have a clean, futuristic image. But extracting and processing them can be dirty, dangerous work, blackening the soil with mine waste and polluting the water with hydrochloric acid and the air with radioactive dust.
Snow guns like those used at ski areas spray water being drained from Molycorp's rare-earth mine in Mountain Pass., Calif., which it is reopening.
.The Mountain Pass deposit was discovered in the 1950s, and the mine became the world's primary producer of rare earths in the 1980s and 1990s. But each year from 1990 to 1998, Mountain Pass was also among California's top 15 industrial emitters of toxic chemicals, the Environmental Protection Agency found. (A Molycorp spokesman said miners often place high on the EPA's Toxic Release Inventory rankings because they displace large amounts of material during digging, not necessarily because of air or water pollution.)
The mining process included piping 850 gallons of wastewater a minute into a desert lake bed 13 miles away, according to Molycorp, now based in Greenwood Village, Colo. By 2002, digging at Mountain Pass had been suspended amid protests from environmentalists.
As U.S. dominance ended, China increased its low-cost output. But rare-earth mining was a stodgy industry in those days, selling mostly to petroleum producers. There were few signs that green technology or miniaturized electronics would soon boost demand for items like magnets that use the rare earth neodymium.
Pivotal events for the industry included the U.S. introduction of Toyota Motor Corp.'s hybrid Prius car in 2000 and the debut of Apple Inc.'s iPhone in 2005.
The current near total reliance on China as a global supplier is increasingly worrisome to U.S. policy makers. Recently, Chinese authorities have compounded the worries by slashing exports, citing their need to limit environmental degradation. China's Ministry of Finance has announced plans to tax metal exports in 2011.
Mountain Pass itself won't break China's stranglehold. By tonnage its output should easily satisfy U.S. military demand, but not commercial high-tech industries. A recent U.S. Energy Department report said Mountain Pass won't produce dysprosium and terbium, two of the five rare earths it says will face critical shortages in the short term. Molycorp says its technology could allow it to produce the metals.
Soon, though, Mountain Pass and Australia's Mount Weld together should begin to erode China's near total monopoly. By 2014, according to Lynas's figures, China's output will be 67% of the global total of 169,800 metric tons and Mountain Pass and Mount Weld will contribute 13% and 12%, respectively, of world production.
Miners promoting rare-earth operations from Greenland to Australia echo Molycorp in saying that modern processes for handling wastes will improve the industry's image and lower costs.
"We've gone through our own history," Molycorp Chief Executive Mark Smith said in an interview. "An industry that has a bad environmental or safety reputation is not a good industry."
Still, Molycorp isn't breaking completely with the past. For instance, it initially intends to funnel wastewater into evaporation basins opened in 2000, not into the newly designed recycling system on its drawing boards. Many of the same people who ran the mine when it topped EPA pollution charts will be hired back, albeit with new training and equipment. Mr. Smith himself, an expert in environmental law, headed the business when it was owned by Unocal Corp. and then Chevron Corp.
Some of the problems associated with the site that haven't gone away aren't Molycorp's responsibility. They still have to be solved by Chevron because of the way the mining company was restructured when it became independent, according to the Bureau of Land Management, which is monitoring the cleanup.
During the recent tour of Mountain Pass, Mr. Honan explained how new "pasting" technology will reduce the likelihood that the slightly radioactive waste will blow toward the Joshua trees and jackrabbits that populate the area.
Wearing a dosimetry badge on his shirt to monitor his own exposure to radiation, he stopped his truck at a spot overlooking a slope that will be used to store waste "tailings," the 91.5% of the mine's output that will be unusable.
At least one environmental group is giving Molycorp the benefit of the doubt. In 2003, the Center for Biological Diversity in Tucson, Ariz., protested the mine's "abysmal environmental record," according to a statement at the time.
"Since that time the mine has changed ownership, the problematic pipeline is no longer used, the containment ponds have been lined, cleanup is under way, and much better water-quality monitoring is now in place," said Brendan Cummings, the center's public-lands director.
But, he added, "Molycorp would have to clearly demonstrate that they can operate it cleanly and safely before any expansion should be considered."
Write to James T. Areddy at
james.areddy@wsj.com